The Slow Fund: In Conversation With Dr. Janie Cole

Set against the historical context of South Africa’s anti-apartheid struggle, WE ARE NOT AFRAID is a documentary film that explores the pivotal role of music as a tool for resistance and survival in apartheid prisons. Particularly, it sheds light on the maximum-security prison on Robben Island, where notable activists such as Nelson Mandela were incarcerated starting from the early 1960s.

The film explores cultural expression as a tool for social change, delving into the experiences of individuals who use music to cope with and protest against human rights violations under oppressive patriarchal regimes. It examines the intersections of music, resilience, power, violence, gender, race, trauma and human rights. 

Dr. Janie Cole, the documentary's Co-Director, collaborates with B&R on Bespoke trips to South Africa and offers unique, private lecture experiences in her Music Beyond Borders “Travels in Sound” series, including “Robben Island, Mandela and the Story of Music in the Apartheid Prisons” to travellers.

In the interview below, we dive into a thought-provoking conversation with Dr. Janie Cole, as she shares insights into developing the documentary and her work in preserving South African heritage and culture.

I attended a lecture by a South African Shakespeare scholar David Schalkwyk who spoke about the so-called “Robben Island Shakespeare”. A copy of the Complete Works was secretly circulated by Sonny Venkatrathnam among his fellow political prisoners on Robben Island in the 1970s, asking them to sign their names next to their favourite passages. Sonny covered it with images of Hindu figures to disguise it as a holy book.

Nelson Mandela signed next to a passage from Julius Caesar, which begins, “Cowards die many times before their deaths”. While Schalkwyk examined the representation and experience of imprisonment in South African prison memoirs and the prison that is Denmark for Shakespeare’s Hamlet, I was profoundly moved by his reference to “a book that had passed through the hands of the people who had saved my country,” and the idea of the power of literature and words to provide resistance for political prisoners during apartheid. 

So, as a musicologist, I wondered where was the music in such a space of intense oppression, violence, sorrow, and resistance in a country where singing is the primary cultural expression?  

Thus began this cultural-heritage preservation project in the form of a film, book and archive, which trace the role of music and resistance in apartheid prisons, with a special focus on Robben Island and the women’s jails, through first-hand struggle testimonies and music by surviving former political prisoners and guards. 

I was inspired to found Music Beyond Borders, which focuses on the role of music in social change, surviving trauma and supporting human rights, after my first interviews with former political prisoners of apartheid in 2011. 

After surviving 9/11, I was unable to listen to music for a long time thereafter, which as a musicologist I found incomprehensible on so many levels, so I got interested in how music and sound can link to trauma, memory, sensory association and overload, and healing.  

I was most impacted by the stories of abuse and conditions in the prisons and of apartheid. I had read Nelson Mandela’s now famous comment from his 1994 autobiography about the conditions in South Africa’s apartheid prisons which reflected the reality of thousands of political activists:  

“It is said that no one truly knows a nation until one has been inside its jails. A nation should not be judged by how it treats its highest citizens, but its lowest ones – and South Africa treated its imprisoned African citizens like animals.”  

The accounts that I was hearing verified the worst of Mandela’s statements, especially those about women and gender-based violence. The women’s struggle stories are particularly overlooked historically and their treatment at the hands of the security police was different to men’s. 

Our vision is that MBBs’ educational film WE ARE NOT AFRAID will preserve this rich South African cultural heritage, capture the memories of South Africa’s long struggle against apartheid, honour the legacy of struggle veterans, and raise consciousness, especially about gender-based violence past and present.   

The focus on Robben Island is an obvious one as the most notorious apartheid prison which held Nelson Mandela and hundreds of other political prisoners. However, we have aimed to concentrate on the unknown ‘foot soldiers’ of the struggle, as opposed to the liberation leaders, whose stories have been told many times of course.  

As Thoko Mpumlwana, a political prisoner held at the brutal Number 4 women’s jail at the Old Fort says:

“Human beings must not repeat mistakes of the past and to communicate that through testimony and music would cut through much better than probably saying it or writing a thesis. Because if people understand what was going on, it will be a learning tool for future generations. To know what it means to dehumanize the other, and to also know that even in the midst of that dehumanization, the truth prevails, good will always prevail over evil.” 

The Slow Fund contributed US$10,000 to the development phase of the film project in 2019, enabling the completion of critical interviews with former political prisoners. The Slow Fund further supported the film's completion with a contribution of $15,000 towards the budget, and we're deeply honoured to be associated with this important work.